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Home / Are Babies in Global Countries Treated With Hiv Medications

Are Babies in Global Countries Treated With Hiv Medications

Man immunodeficiency virus
HIV-budding-Color.jpg
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 (in dark-green) budding from cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on jail cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.
Virus classification
Group:

Group VI (ssRNA-RT)

Society:

Unassigned

Family:

Retroviridae

Subfamily:

Orthoretrovirinae

Genus:

Lentivirus

Species
  • Human immunodeficiency virus 1
  • Human immunodeficiency virus 2

HIV and AIDS explained in a simple mode

Percent of adults that are infected with HIV per state at the end of 2005

 15–50% (xv-50 people out of 100)

 5–xv% (five-fifteen people out of 100)

 one–5% (one-five people out of 100)

 0.five–1.0% (1-2 people out of 200)

 0.1–0.v% (i-5 people out of 1000)

 <0.1% (less than 1 person out of 1000)

Diagram of the immature and mature forms of HIV

Man immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blazon of virus called a retrovirus, which infects the human allowed system (the arrangement in the trunk which is in charge of fighting off illness). HIV may cause AIDS (a collection of diseases and symptoms) by eventually killing the white blood cells which a salubrious trunk uses to fight off diseases.

How people get infected [change | change source]

Information technology is possible that a person can get infected with HIV if any torso liquid with the virus gets into their body. The body liquids that carry HIV are blood, semen, liquid from the vagina, and breast milk. The liquids can go into the body through injured pare. The liquids can besides enter through the mouth, eyes, nose, vagina, anus, or penis. However, though HIV might enter the body through any of these places, when people get HIV by having sex activity, the virus usually enters the body through the vagina or anus.

There are some mutual ways to go HIV:

  • A person with HIV tin give a sexual partner the virus if they have unprotected sex. That means having sexual intercourse without a safety.
  • A person tin go HIV if he or she uses the same needle as a person with HIV to inject drugs or get a tattoo.
  • A person may get HIV if he or she is stuck by a needle that was used on a patient with HIV.
  • Babies can get the virus from their mothers when they are born or when they are breastfeeding. A baby may be protected from getting HIV this way if their mother takes certain medications while she is pregnant.
  • Claret transfusions using infected blood products was a common cause of HIV. The claret had been taken from people with HIV infections. Now, in the developed world screening of blood products for HIV has mostly stopped this happening. However, people may all the same get HIV from blood transfusions in less-developed countries if claret is not screened carefully.

A person cannot get infected with HIV from non-sexual touching, similar a hug or handshake, or touching someone else's saliva. A person cannot get HIV from an insect bite, a coughing, or a sneeze.[1] People too cannot become HIV from touching light switches, using toilets, or drinking from the same glass every bit a person with HIV.

Data [change | change source]

Comparing of HIV species
Species Virulence Infectivity Prevalence Inferred origin
HIV-one Loftier High Global Mutual Chimpanzee
HIV-2 Lower Low Due west Africa Sooty Mangabey
Estimated per-act risk for conquering of HIV past exposure route [ii] [3] [iv]
Exposure Route [5] Estimated infections per 10,000 exposures to an infected source [6]
Blood transfusion
[Being given blood in a transfusion] 		9,000 (90%)[7]
Mother-to-kid, including pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding (without treatment)
[Mother giving her child or unborn child HIV, if she does not take medications to prevent giving the kid HIV] 		2,500 (25%)[8]
Mother-to-child, including pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding (with optimal handling)
[Mother giving her child or unborn child HIV, if she takes the all-time possible medications to forbid giving the child HIV] 		100–200 (1%–2%)[viii]
Needle-sharing injection drug utilise
[People sharing the same needle to inject illegal drugs] 		67 (0.67%)[9]
Percutaneous needle stick
[Getting stuck by a needle used on a person with HIV - for instance, in healthcare] 		30 (0.30%)[10]
Receptive anal intercourse (2009 and 2010 studies)
[Receiving anal sex activity] 		170 (1.vii%)‡ [thirty–890][eleven] / 143 [48–285][4]
Receptive anal intercourse (based on data of a 1992 study)
[Receiving anal sex] 		l (0.five%)[12] [thirteen]
Insertive anal intercourse for uncircumcised men (2010 study)
[An uncircumsized man giving anal sex] 		62 (0.62%)a [7–168][4]
Insertive anal intercourse for circumcised men (2010 study)
[A circumsized man giving anal sexual activity] 		eleven (0.eleven%)a [2–24][4]
Insertive anal intercourse (based on data of a 1992 study)
[Giving anal sexual practice] 		6.5 (0.065%)[12] [13]
Low-income country female-to-male person
[A woman giving a man HIV through sex; rate is for low-income countries] 		38 (0.38%)‡ [13–110][11]
Low-income country male-to-female
[A man giving a adult female HIV through sex activity; rate is for low-income countries] 		thirty (0.3%)‡ [14–63][11]
Receptive (female) penile-vaginal intercourse
[A woman receiving sexual intercourse from a man] 		10 (0.1%)[12] [13] [14]
Insertive (male) penile-vaginal intercourse
[A human giving sexual intercourse to a woman] 		5 (0.05%)[12] [13]
Fellating a man
[Performing oral sex on a man] 		i (0.01%)† b [13]
Man existence fellated
[A man receiving oral sex activity] 		0.5 (0.005%)† b [13]
a Other studies found insufficient testify that male person circumcision protects against HIV infection among men who take sex with men[15] [16]
b Oral trauma, sores, inflammation, concomitant sexually transmitted infections, ejaculation in the oral cavity, and systemic allowed suppression may increase HIV manual rate.[17]
† "best-judge approximate"
‡ Pooled transmission probability estimate.
Bracketed values correspond 95% conviction interval.

Treatment [change | change source]

Drug treatment [change | change source]

HIV causes a person to become more than decumbent to illness, so infected people demand handling options. However, there is no cure for HIV. To assistance ease negative symptoms, drugs called anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are available. This treatment is likewise called high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). HAART treatment begins with one non-nucleoside opposite transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).[18] The NRTI drug could be named zidovudine (AZT), tenofovir (TDF), andlamivudine (3TC), or emtricitabine (FTC).[19]

These drugs ho-hum the progression of the HIV virus in the body.[19] Commonly, these treatments consist of a combination of three or more drugs, and each drug performs a dissimilar job in fighting the virus. In general, HAART prevents the HIV from multiplying and destroying CD4 cells. CD4 cells are necessary to help protect the body from infections and cancer.[20] Since the HIV virus destroys CD4 cells, it causes people with HIV to be more prone to illness.

It is recommended to first HAART if a person has HIV and has a CD4 cell count of less than or equal to 350 cells/mm3. This number tin can be determined by a doctor.[19] A person'due south age, sex, and other infections determine which handling he or she should take.[19] These medication regimens can help HIV-infected people alive longer, healthier lives, and can also assist preclude the HIV from advancing to AIDS.[21]

Symptoms of astute HIV infection

General treatment [change | modify source]

There has been controversy surrounding when the correct time to start therapy should be subsequently a person discovers that he or she has HIV. Recently, the answer has been that earlier treatment is recommended.[22] This is because, showtime, constructive therapy tin can prevent non-AIDS-related deaths. Second, therapy can prevent harm to a person's immune system. Third, therapy can aid prevent transmission of HIV to others, and can therefore reduce HIV prevalence overall.[22] Although there are some negative side effects of antiretroviral medications, the benefits of therapy commonly outweigh the negative effects.

Effects of therapy [change | change source]

Patients on HAART accept reported meaning improvements in physical health, emotional wellness, mental wellness, and daily function compared to HIV-positive patients not yet on treatment.[23] Nearly research has occurred in developing countries, and fiddling research has been done on the impacts of Fine art on household wellbeing.[23]

Although HAART can exist an constructive means to treating HIV, there tin can exist many negative side furnishings. Negative side furnishings can vary past drug, by ethnicity, and by drug interactions in the trunk. The post-obit list contains the nigh common and serious negative side furnishings associated with HAART medications to treat HIV.[24]

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

  • Lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, and body fatty redistribution (lipodystrophy)
  • Fever, headache, rash, nausea, airsickness, diarrhea, fatigue

Nonnucleoside Contrary Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

  • Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis
  • Fatigue, mood changes, liver function, insomnia
  • May have pregnant interactions with other drugs; dosage adjustments would exist required

Protease Inhibitors (PIs)

  • Metabolic abnormalities including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy
  • May increment risk of bleeding in hemophiliacs
  • Rash, diarrhea, airsickness, taste perversion, fatigue
  • May accept meaning interactions with other drugs; dosage aligning would exist required

Fusion Inhibitors

  • Injection site reactions, neutropenia, increased frequency of pneumonia

Chemokine Coreceptor Antagonists

  • Diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, headache, liver function, joint pain

Integrase Inhibitors

  • Nausea, diarrhea, headache, rash

Pharmacokinetic Enhancers

  • Increased serum creatinine, proteinuria, nausea, diarrhea [24]

Alternative therapy [modify | change source]

Many people living with HIV take tried using culling treatment methods, known as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Some types of CAM include stress direction, natural health products, massage/therapeutic touch, acupuncture, and homeopathy.[25] Stress direction can increment quality of life for a person with HIV.[25] Even with little evidence of its effectiveness, many people chose to try CAM because of the many negative side effects associated with HAART and the few negative side effects associated with CAM. Some HIV-infected people also try herbal medicines to treat HIV, but there has been no evidence showing any positive outcomes with the use of herbal remedies.[26]

Another blazon of culling therapy for treating HIV is micronutrient supplementation. Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals, so these supplements would be in the course of a full general daily multivitamin. These supplements take been proven to help treat HIV because HIV can cause micronutrient deficiencies, so the supplements tin help replenish these needed vitamins and minerals. Although the supplements may not help ease all negative symptoms, they offering some benefits and are safe for HIV-infected patients.[26] Supplements are also safe for HIV-infected pregnant women and their children. Specifically, vitamin A and zinc have shown positive health effects.[26] There are no major negative side effects of vitamin and mineral supplements.[27]

Alternative therapies can aid to reduce symptoms of diseases like HIV, but do non cure the affliction, or stop the disease from spreading to other people.

PREP [modify | change source]

"PREP" or "PrEP" is pre-exposure prophylaxis. This means a person takes a drug before having risky sex. The drug 'Truvada' is a combination of 2 different anti-viral treatments: tenofovir and emtricitabine.[28] Truvada is very expensive, and not bachelor on the UK'south National Wellness Service.

References [alter | modify source]

  1. ↑ "Tin I go AIDS from...?". Retrieved 2010-06-26 .
  2. ↑ Ways the gamble of getting HIV for a single sexual act.
  3. ↑ Smith DK, Grohskopf LA, Black RJ; et al. (January 2005). "Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis later on sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United states: recommendations from the U.S. Section of Health and Human Services". MMWR Recomm Rep. 54 (RR–2): 1–20. PMID 15660015. Retrieved 2009-03-31 . {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.three Jin F; et al. (March 2010). "Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART". AIDS. 24 (half-dozen): 907–913. doi:x.1097/QAD.0b013e3283372d90. PMC2852627. PMID 20139750.
  5. ↑ Which sexual act was caused the infection
  6. ↑ This ways, in upshot, the chance of getting the virus from ane sex act of each kind. Data from various samples are adjusted to 10,000 cases then they tin be compared.
  7. ↑ Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC; et al. (1990). "Infection with homo immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations". Ann. Intern. Med. 113 (10): 733–739. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-733. PMID 2240875. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (3): 289–292. doi:10.1056/NEJMe048128. PMID 15247337.
  9. ↑ Kaplan EH, Heimer R (1995). "HIV incidence amid New Haven needle commutation participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 10 (2): 175–176. doi:ten.1097/00042560-199510020-00010. PMID 7552482.
  10. ↑ Bong DM (1997). "Occupational run a risk of homo immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview". Am. J. Med. 102 (5B): ix–15. doi:x.1016/S0002-9343(97)89441-7. PMID 9845490.
  11. ↑ xi.0 11.1 11.ii Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, Alary M (February 2009). "Heterosexual risk of HIV-one infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. ix (2): 118–129. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70021-0. PMC4467783. PMID 19179227. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.i 12.2 12.three European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (1992). "Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. European Study Grouping on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV". BMJ. 304 (6830): 809–813. doi:ten.1136/bmj.304.6830.809. PMC1881672. PMID 1392708.
  13. ↑ 13.0 xiii.1 13.ii 13.3 13.4 thirteen.5 Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM,Steketee RW (2002). "Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-human activity run a risk for HIV on the basis of selection of partner, sex activity act, and condom utilize". Sex. Transm. Dis. 29 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1097/00007435-200201000-00007. PMID 11773877. S2CID 45262002. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  14. ↑ Leynaert B, Downs AM, de Vincenzi I (1998). "Heterosexual transmission of human being immunodeficiency virus: variability of infectivity throughout the course of infection. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV". Am. J. Epidemiol. 148 (1): 88–96. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009564. PMID 9663408. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks Yard, Reed JB, Herbst JH (October 2009). "Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis". The Journal of American Medical Clan. 300 (fourteen): 1674–1684. doi:10.1001/jama.300.14.1674. PMID 18840841. Retrieved 2010-04-11 . {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Correction about the values although "the blueprint of nonsignificant findings remains consistent with the originally published article"[1] Archived 2007-05-fifteen at the Wayback Car
  17. ↑ "Public Wellness Agency of Canada". Phac-aspc.gc.ca. 2004-12-01. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2010-07-28 .
  18. ↑ "Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach" (PDF). Globe Wellness Organisation: 1–145. 2010.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.ane 19.2 19.3 "Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach" (PDF). Earth Health Organization: 1–145. 2010.
  20. ↑ "HIV and Its Treatment" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Man Services. 2012.
  21. ↑ "HIV and its treatment" (PDF). U.S. Department of Wellness and Homo Services. 2012.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.one Jain V, Deeks SG. (2010). "When to start antiretroviral therapy". Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 7 (ii): threescore–68. doi:10.1007/s11904-010-0044-6. PMC2856854. PMID 20425559.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Beard J, Feeley F, and Rosen S (2009). "Economic and quality of life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in developing countries: a systematic literature review". AIDS Care. 21 (eleven): 1343–1356. doi:10.1080/09540120902889926. PMID 20024710. S2CID 21883819. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.i McNicholl I. (2012). "Adverse Events of Antiretroviral Drugs". University of California San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2013-04-02 .
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mills P, Wu P, Ernst E. (2005). "Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the prove". Int. J of STD and AIDS. 16 (six): 395–403. doi:x.1258/0956462054093962. PMID 15969772. S2CID 7411052. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Liu JP, Manheimer Due east, Yang M. (2005). "Herbal medicines for treating HIV infection and AIDS". Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3 (three): CD003937. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003937.pub2. PMC8759069. PMID 16034917. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Irlam JH, Visser MM, Rollins NN, Siegfried Due north. (2010). Irlam, James H (ed.). "Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection". Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 12 (12): CD003650. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub3. PMID 21154354. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  28. ↑ PrEP: PK modeling of daily TDF/FTC (Truvada) provides close to 100% protection confronting HIV nfection. TheBodyPRO.com. PrEP: PK Modeling of Daily TDF/FTC (Truvada) Provides Close to 100% Protection Against HIV Infection - TheBodyPRO.com Archived 2015-01-15 at the Wayback Auto

Other websites [change | modify source]

  • AIDS-HIV Resources and guidelines for prevention
  • Product for babies This article provides bones information near child products in a way that is easy to understand. This site as well has an article that provides Best babies products reviews.
  • AIDS Didactics Global Data System (AEGiS)

Are Babies in Global Countries Treated With Hiv Medications

Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV